The proportion of items in postconventional morality (level 3) within the four items is calculated as an index p-score. They answered 12 items corresponding to the six stages using a 5-point Likert scale and then ranked the four most important items. For DIT, respondents read six scenarios with everyday ethical dilemmas. DIT measures the ability to make moral judgments, and was developed from Kohlberg’s cognitive–developmental theory (Rest et al. One of the advantages of DIT is the independence of trained interviewers (Elm and Weber 1994).
Although there are some differences between the two techniques, a high correlation between MJI and DIT was reported (McGraw and Bloomfield 1987). Morals and ethics of individuals have been measured both qualitatively (e.g., Moral Judgement Interview (MJI)) and quantitatively (e.g., Defining Issues Test (DIT)) (Elm and Weber 1994). Moral Foundation Theory identifies five elements that enable a discussion of morals related to ideologies (Haidt, 2012 Murayama and Miura 2019): harm/care (providing care without causing harm to others) fairness/reciprocity (maintaining fairness and reciprocity), ingroup/loyalty (keeping loyalty inside the group), authority/respect (respect for authority and hierarchy), and purity/sanctity (safeguarding purity and sanctity) (Haidt 2012 Haidt and Joseph 2004, 2007). The ethics of autonomy emphasizes the self the ethics of community emphasizes the person as a member of a group and the ethics of divinity focuses on people as spiritual or religious beings (e.g., Jensen 2011, n.d. Other moral studies differentiate the ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity. We moved up the stages in the developmental process (Kohlberg 1968 Crain 1985). Level 3 includes social contract and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6). Level 2 includes good interpersonal relationships (stage 3) and maintaining the social order (stage 4). Level 1 includes obedience and punishment orientation (stage 1) and individualism and exchange (stage 2). Kohlberg’s cognitive–developmental theory identified three developmental levels of moral reasoning: preconventional morality (level 1), conventional morality (level 2), and postconventional morality (level 3). Many studies have been conducted on how individuals learn to make moral judgments and how we think about ethics. In this study, we propose an AI ethics scale based on AI-specific scenarios. However, such a tool has not been developed. The development of a tool for quantifying the ethics of AI is essential, especially for understanding the ethics-related attitudes of people toward AI research and to proceed with the discussions in society. This study points out that a multifaced approach is necessary to cover the social, ethical, and legal issues for AI technology (Ouchchy et al. The public debates over the ethics of AI in media articles increased between 20, but only 11% of the articles mention ethical theories and principles based on an ethical framework. When sending the translation request to the Language Translation API, as in the case of translating RSS Feeds, always make sure that the two language codes are different.We rely on artificial intelligence (AI) in academia and in our daily lives.
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